Python cryptography.x509.oid.NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME Examples

def _encode_name(backend, attributes):
    """
    The X509_NAME created will not be gc'd. Use _encode_name_gc if needed.
    """
    subject = backend._lib.X509_NAME_new()
    for attribute in attributes:
        value = attribute.value.encode('utf8')
        obj = _txt2obj_gc(backend, attribute.oid.dotted_string)
        if attribute.oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME:
            # Per RFC5280 Appendix A.1 countryName should be encoded as
            # PrintableString, not UTF8String
            type = backend._lib.MBSTRING_ASC
        else:
            type = backend._lib.MBSTRING_UTF8
        res = backend._lib.X509_NAME_add_entry_by_OBJ(
            subject, obj, type, value, -1, -1, 0,
        )
        backend.openssl_assert(res == 1)
    return subject 

def __init__(self, oid, value):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME and len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
            raise ValueError(
                "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
            )

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value 

def generate_csr(key, domainname):
    private_key = serialization.load_pem_private_key(key, password=None,
                                                     backend=default_backend())
    csr = x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder().subject_name(x509.Name([
        # Provide various details about who we are.
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"BR"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"RJ"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"Rio de Janeiro"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"globo.com"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, domainname),
    ])).add_extension(
        x509.SubjectAlternativeName([x509.DNSName(domainname)]),
        critical=False,
    ).sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

    return csr.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM) 

def test_get(self):
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/CN=example.com').get('CN'), 'example.com')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com').get('C'), 'AT')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com').get('CN'), 'example.com')

        # try NameOID:
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/CN=example.com').get(NameOID.COMMON_NAME), 'example.com')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com').get(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME), 'AT')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com').get(NameOID.COMMON_NAME), 'example.com')

        # OUs
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com').get('OU'), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/OU=bar/CN=example.com').get('OU'), ['foo', 'bar'])

        # test that default doesn't overwrite anytying
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/CN=example.com').get('CN', 'x'), 'example.com')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com').get('C', 'x'), 'AT')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com').get('CN', 'x'), 'example.com')

        # test default value
        self.assertIsNone(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com').get('L'))
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com').get('L', 'foo'), 'foo')
        self.assertIsNone(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com').get(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME))
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com').get(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, 'foo'), 'foo') 

def test_getitem(self):
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/CN=example.com')['CN'], 'example.com')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com')['C'], 'AT')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com')['CN'], 'example.com')

        # try NameOID:
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/CN=example.com')[NameOID.COMMON_NAME], 'example.com')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com')[NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME], 'AT')
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com')[NameOID.COMMON_NAME], 'example.com')

        # OUs
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com')['OU'], ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/OU=bar/CN=example.com')['OU'], ['foo', 'bar'])

        # test keyerror
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(KeyError, r"^'L'$"):
            Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com')['L']

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(KeyError, r"^'L'$"):
            Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com')[NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME] 

def csr(private_key: rsa.RSAPrivateKey) -> x509.CertificateSigningRequest:
    b = x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder()
    req = b.subject_name(x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Commandment"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"Commandment"),
    ])).sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

    return req 

def certificate(private_key: rsa.RSAPrivateKey) -> x509.Certificate:
    b = x509.CertificateBuilder()
    name = x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Commandment"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"CA-CERTIFICATE"),
    ])

    cer = b.subject_name(name).issuer_name(name).public_key(
        private_key.public_key()
    ).serial_number(1).not_valid_before(
        datetime.datetime.utcnow()
    ).not_valid_after(
        datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=10)
    ).add_extension(
        x509.BasicConstraints(ca=False, path_length=None), True
    ).sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

    return cer 

def ca_certificate(private_key: rsa.RSAPrivateKey) -> x509.Certificate:
    b = x509.CertificateBuilder()
    name = x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Commandment"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"CA-CERTIFICATE"),
    ])

    cert = b.serial_number(1).issuer_name(
        name
    ).subject_name(
        name
    ).public_key(
        private_key.public_key()
    ).not_valid_before(
        datetime.datetime.utcnow()
    ).not_valid_after(
        datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=10)
    ).add_extension(
        x509.BasicConstraints(ca=True, path_length=None), True
    ).sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

    return cert 

def generate_x509_name(self, cn):
        """
        For the given common name string, generate and return an x509.Name, with
        attributes configured in the settings.
        """
        name_attributes = [
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, cn),
        ]
        if self.settings['csr_country_name']:
            name_attributes.append(
                x509.NameAttribute(
                    NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME,
                    self.settings['csr_country_name'],
                )
            )
        if self.settings['csr_state_or_province_name']:
            name_attributes.append(
                x509.NameAttribute(
                    NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME,
                    self.settings['csr_state_or_province_name'],
                )
            )
        if self.settings['csr_locality_name']:
            name_attributes.append(
                x509.NameAttribute(
                    NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME,
                    self.settings['csr_locality_name'],
                )
            )
        if self.settings['csr_organization_name']:
            name_attributes.append(
                x509.NameAttribute(
                    NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME,
                    self.settings['csr_organization_name'],
                )
            )
        return x509.Name(name_attributes) 

def generate_ca(cls):
        key = rsa.generate_private_key(
            public_exponent=65537,
            key_size=2048,
            backend=default_backend()
        )
        subject = issuer = x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"BR"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"RJ"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"Rio de Janeiro"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Tsuru Inc"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"tsuru.io"),
        ])
        cert = x509.CertificateBuilder().subject_name(
            subject
        ).issuer_name(
            issuer
        ).public_key(
            key.public_key()
        ).serial_number(
            x509.random_serial_number()
        ).not_valid_before(
            datetime.datetime.utcnow()
        ).not_valid_after(
            datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=10)
        ).add_extension(
            x509.SubjectAlternativeName([x509.DNSName(u"tsuru.io")]),
            critical=False,
        ).sign(key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

        key = key.private_bytes(
            encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
            format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL,
            encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption(),
        )
        cert = cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM)
        return key, cert 

def generate_cert(device_id):
    private_key = ec.generate_private_key(
        ec.SECP256R1(), default_backend()
    )
    builder = x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder()

    builder = builder.subject_name(x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u'{}'.format(device_id)),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u'UK'),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u'London'),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u'Web of Trusted Things, Ltd'),
    ]))

    builder = builder.add_extension(
        x509.SubjectAlternativeName(
            [x509.DNSName(u'{}'.format(device_id))]
        ),
        critical=False
    )

    csr = builder.sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

    serialized_private_key = private_key.private_bytes(
        encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
        format=serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
        encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption(),
    )
    serialized_csr = csr.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM)

    return {
        'csr': serialized_csr.decode(),
        'key': serialized_private_key.decode()
    } 

def __init__(self, oid, value, _type=_SENTINEL):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if (
            oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME or
            oid == NameOID.JURISDICTION_COUNTRY_NAME
        ):
            if len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
                )

            if _type == _SENTINEL:
                _type = _ASN1Type.PrintableString

        if len(value) == 0:
            raise ValueError("Value cannot be an empty string")

        # Set the default string type for encoding ASN1 strings to UTF8. This
        # is the default for newer OpenSSLs for several years (1.0.1h+) and is
        # recommended in RFC 2459.
        if _type == _SENTINEL:
            _type = _ASN1Type.UTF8String

        if not isinstance(_type, _ASN1Type):
            raise TypeError("_type must be from the _ASN1Type enum")

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value
        self._type = _type 

def generate_key_and_cert():
    signing_key = rsa.generate_private_key(
        backend=crypto_default_backend(),
        public_exponent=65537,
        key_size=2048
    )
    subject = issuer = x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"My Company"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"example.com"),
    ])
    signing_cert = x509.CertificateBuilder().subject_name(
        subject
    ).issuer_name(
        issuer
    ).public_key(
        signing_key.public_key()
    ).serial_number(
        x509.random_serial_number()
    ).not_valid_before(
        datetime.utcnow()
    ).not_valid_after(
        # Our certificate will be valid for 10 days
        datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=10)
        # Sign our certificate with our private key
    ).sign(
        signing_key, hashes.SHA256(), crypto_default_backend()
    ).public_bytes(crypto_serialization.Encoding.DER)
    return signing_key, signing_cert 

def _parse_x509_name(name):
        cn = None
        o = None
        c = None
        for attr in name:
            if attr.oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME:
                c = attr.value
            elif attr.oid == NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME:
                o = attr.value
            elif attr.oid == NameOID.COMMON_NAME:
                cn = attr.value
        return cn, o, c 

def cert_name(common_name):
    """
    Create x509.Name
    """
    return x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, "US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, "CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, "San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, "D2iQ, Inc."),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, common_name),
        ]) 

def cert_name(common_name):
    """
    Create x509.Name
    """
    return x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, "US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, "CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, "San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, "D2iQ, Inc."),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, common_name),
        ]) 

def __init__(self, oid, value, _type=_SENTINEL):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if (
            oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME or
            oid == NameOID.JURISDICTION_COUNTRY_NAME
        ):
            if len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
                )

        if len(value) == 0:
            raise ValueError("Value cannot be an empty string")

        # The appropriate ASN1 string type varies by OID and is defined across
        # multiple RFCs including 2459, 3280, and 5280. In general UTF8String
        # is preferred (2459), but 3280 and 5280 specify several OIDs with
        # alternate types. This means when we see the sentinel value we need
        # to look up whether the OID has a non-UTF8 type. If it does, set it
        # to that. Otherwise, UTF8!
        if _type == _SENTINEL:
            _type = _NAMEOID_DEFAULT_TYPE.get(oid, _ASN1Type.UTF8String)

        if not isinstance(_type, _ASN1Type):
            raise TypeError("_type must be from the _ASN1Type enum")

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value
        self._type = _type 

def create_certificate(self):
        self.private_key = self.generate_private_key()

        subject = issuer = x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"WA"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"Seattle"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Amazon Alexa"),
            x509.NameAttribute(
                NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"{}".format(self.PREPOPULATED_CERT_URL)),
            ])

        self.mock_certificate = x509.CertificateBuilder().subject_name(
            name=subject).issuer_name(
            name=issuer).public_key(
            key=self.private_key.public_key()).serial_number(
            number=x509.random_serial_number()).not_valid_before(
            time=datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(minutes=1)).not_valid_after(
            time=datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(minutes=1)).add_extension(
            extension=x509.SubjectAlternativeName(
                [x509.DNSName(u"{}".format(CERT_CHAIN_DOMAIN))]),
            critical=False).sign(
            private_key=self.private_key,
            algorithm=SHA1(),
            backend=default_backend()
        )

        self.request_verifier._cert_cache[
            self.PREPOPULATED_CERT_URL] = self.mock_certificate 

def __init__(self, oid, value, _type=_SENTINEL):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if (
            oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME or
            oid == NameOID.JURISDICTION_COUNTRY_NAME
        ):
            if len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
                )

        if len(value) == 0:
            raise ValueError("Value cannot be an empty string")

        # The appropriate ASN1 string type varies by OID and is defined across
        # multiple RFCs including 2459, 3280, and 5280. In general UTF8String
        # is preferred (2459), but 3280 and 5280 specify several OIDs with
        # alternate types. This means when we see the sentinel value we need
        # to look up whether the OID has a non-UTF8 type. If it does, set it
        # to that. Otherwise, UTF8!
        if _type == _SENTINEL:
            _type = _NAMEOID_DEFAULT_TYPE.get(oid, _ASN1Type.UTF8String)

        if not isinstance(_type, _ASN1Type):
            raise TypeError("_type must be from the _ASN1Type enum")

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value
        self._type = _type 

def serialize(self,
                  # password=None,
                  country=u"US",
                  state=u"CA",
                  city=u"San Francisco",
                  company=u"Lokey Examle",
                  common_name=u"example.com"):
        # This should be handled already
        # if not password:
        #     password = None
        key = serialization.load_pem_private_key(
            self.to('pem'),
            password=None,
            backend=default_backend())

        subject = x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, country),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, state),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, city),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, company),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, common_name),
        ])
        cert = x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder().subject_name(
            subject
        ).sign(key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())
        return cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM) 

def get_certificate_and_private_key(self):
        private_key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=3,
                                               key_size=1024,
                                               backend=default_backend())
        issuer = x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"FI"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"Helsinki"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Some Company"),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"Test Certificate"),
        ])
        cert_builder = x509.CertificateBuilder(
            issuer_name=issuer, subject_name=issuer,
            public_key=private_key.public_key(),
            serial_number=x509.random_serial_number(),
            not_valid_before=datetime.utcnow(),
            not_valid_after=datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=10)
        )
        cert = cert_builder.sign(private_key,
                                 hashes.SHA256(),
                                 default_backend())
        cert_pem = cert.public_bytes(encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM)
        key_pem = private_key.private_bytes(
            encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
            format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL,
            encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption())
        return cert_pem, key_pem 

def test_fields(self):
        s = Subject('')
        self.assertEqual(list(s.fields), [])

        s = Subject('/C=AT')
        self.assertEqual(list(s.fields), [(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT')])

        s = Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com')
        self.assertEqual(list(s.fields), [(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT'), (NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com')])

        s = Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/CN=example.com')
        self.assertEqual(list(s.fields), [(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT'),
                                          (NameOID.ORGANIZATIONAL_UNIT_NAME, 'foo'),
                                          (NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com')])
        s = Subject('/C=AT/OU=foo/OU=bar/CN=example.com')
        self.assertEqual(list(s.fields), [(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT'),
                                          (NameOID.ORGANIZATIONAL_UNIT_NAME, 'foo'),
                                          (NameOID.ORGANIZATIONAL_UNIT_NAME, 'bar'),
                                          (NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com')])

        # Also test order
        s = Subject('/CN=example.com/C=AT/OU=foo/OU=bar')
        self.assertEqual(list(s.fields), [(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT'),
                                          (NameOID.ORGANIZATIONAL_UNIT_NAME, 'foo'),
                                          (NameOID.ORGANIZATIONAL_UNIT_NAME, 'bar'),
                                          (NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com')]) 

def test_contains(self):
        self.assertIn('CN', Subject('/CN=example.com'))
        self.assertIn(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, Subject('/CN=example.com'))
        self.assertNotIn(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, Subject('/CN=example.com'))
        self.assertNotIn(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, Subject('/CN=example.com'))
        self.assertIn(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com'))
        self.assertIn(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, Subject('/C=AT/CN=example.com')) 

def test_init_name(self):
        name = x509.Name(attributes=[
            x509.NameAttribute(oid=NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, value=u'AT'),
            x509.NameAttribute(oid=NameOID.COMMON_NAME, value=u'example.com'),
        ])
        self.assertEqual(str(Subject(name)), '/C=AT/CN=example.com') 

def test_dirname(self):
        name = x509.DirectoryName(x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT'),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com'),
        ]))
        self.assertEqual(format_general_name(name), 'dirname:/C=AT/CN=example.com') 

def test_dirname(self):
        self.assertEqual(parse_general_name('/CN=example.com'), x509.DirectoryName(x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com'),
        ])))
        self.assertEqual(parse_general_name('dirname:/CN=example.com'), x509.DirectoryName(x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com'),
        ])))
        self.assertEqual(parse_general_name('dirname:/C=AT/CN=example.com'), x509.DirectoryName(x509.Name([
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, 'AT'),
            x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'example.com'),
        ]))) 

def csr(private_key: rsa.RSAPrivateKey) -> x509.CertificateSigningRequest:
    b = x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder()
    req = b.subject_name(x509.Name([
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"CA"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"San Francisco"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Commandment"),
        x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"Commandment"),
    ])).sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend())

    return req 

def __init__(self, oid, value, _type=_SENTINEL):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if (
            oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME or
            oid == NameOID.JURISDICTION_COUNTRY_NAME
        ):
            if len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
                )

        if len(value) == 0:
            raise ValueError("Value cannot be an empty string")

        # The appropriate ASN1 string type varies by OID and is defined across
        # multiple RFCs including 2459, 3280, and 5280. In general UTF8String
        # is preferred (2459), but 3280 and 5280 specify several OIDs with
        # alternate types. This means when we see the sentinel value we need
        # to look up whether the OID has a non-UTF8 type. If it does, set it
        # to that. Otherwise, UTF8!
        if _type == _SENTINEL:
            _type = _NAMEOID_DEFAULT_TYPE.get(oid, _ASN1Type.UTF8String)

        if not isinstance(_type, _ASN1Type):
            raise TypeError("_type must be from the _ASN1Type enum")

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value
        self._type = _type 

def __init__(self, oid, value, _type=_SENTINEL):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if (
            oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME or
            oid == NameOID.JURISDICTION_COUNTRY_NAME
        ):
            if len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
                )

        # The appropriate ASN1 string type varies by OID and is defined across
        # multiple RFCs including 2459, 3280, and 5280. In general UTF8String
        # is preferred (2459), but 3280 and 5280 specify several OIDs with
        # alternate types. This means when we see the sentinel value we need
        # to look up whether the OID has a non-UTF8 type. If it does, set it
        # to that. Otherwise, UTF8!
        if _type == _SENTINEL:
            _type = _NAMEOID_DEFAULT_TYPE.get(oid, _ASN1Type.UTF8String)

        if not isinstance(_type, _ASN1Type):
            raise TypeError("_type must be from the _ASN1Type enum")

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value
        self._type = _type 

def __init__(self, oid, value, _type=_SENTINEL):
        if not isinstance(oid, ObjectIdentifier):
            raise TypeError(
                "oid argument must be an ObjectIdentifier instance."
            )

        if not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
            raise TypeError(
                "value argument must be a text type."
            )

        if (
            oid == NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME or
            oid == NameOID.JURISDICTION_COUNTRY_NAME
        ):
            if len(value.encode("utf8")) != 2:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Country name must be a 2 character country code"
                )

        # The appropriate ASN1 string type varies by OID and is defined across
        # multiple RFCs including 2459, 3280, and 5280. In general UTF8String
        # is preferred (2459), but 3280 and 5280 specify several OIDs with
        # alternate types. This means when we see the sentinel value we need
        # to look up whether the OID has a non-UTF8 type. If it does, set it
        # to that. Otherwise, UTF8!
        if _type == _SENTINEL:
            _type = _NAMEOID_DEFAULT_TYPE.get(oid, _ASN1Type.UTF8String)

        if not isinstance(_type, _ASN1Type):
            raise TypeError("_type must be from the _ASN1Type enum")

        self._oid = oid
        self._value = value
        self._type = _type