Python time.gmtime() Examples

def format_timestamp(ts):
    """Formats a timestamp in the format used by HTTP.

    The argument may be a numeric timestamp as returned by `time.time`,
    a time tuple as returned by `time.gmtime`, or a `datetime.datetime`
    object.

    >>> format_timestamp(1359312200)
    'Sun, 27 Jan 2013 18:43:20 GMT'
    """
    if isinstance(ts, numbers.Real):
        pass
    elif isinstance(ts, (tuple, time.struct_time)):
        ts = calendar.timegm(ts)
    elif isinstance(ts, datetime.datetime):
        ts = calendar.timegm(ts.utctimetuple())
    else:
        raise TypeError("unknown timestamp type: %r" % ts)
    return email.utils.formatdate(ts, usegmt=True) 

def test_use_modified_since(app, static_file_directory, file_name):

    file_stat = os.stat(get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name))
    modified_since = strftime(
        "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", gmtime(file_stat.st_mtime)
    )

    app.static(
        "/testing.file",
        get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name),
        use_modified_since=True,
    )

    request, response = app.test_client.get(
        "/testing.file", headers={"If-Modified-Since": modified_since}
    )

    assert response.status == 304 

def format_timestamp(ts):
    """Formats a timestamp in the format used by HTTP.

    The argument may be a numeric timestamp as returned by `time.time`,
    a time tuple as returned by `time.gmtime`, or a `datetime.datetime`
    object.

    >>> format_timestamp(1359312200)
    'Sun, 27 Jan 2013 18:43:20 GMT'
    """
    if isinstance(ts, numbers.Real):
        pass
    elif isinstance(ts, (tuple, time.struct_time)):
        ts = calendar.timegm(ts)
    elif isinstance(ts, datetime.datetime):
        ts = calendar.timegm(ts.utctimetuple())
    else:
        raise TypeError("unknown timestamp type: %r" % ts)
    return email.utils.formatdate(ts, usegmt=True) 

def utcfromtimestamp(cls, t):
        "Construct a UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time())."
        t, frac = divmod(t, 1.0)
        us = int(frac * 1e6)

        # If timestamp is less than one microsecond smaller than a
        # full second, us can be rounded up to 1000000.  In this case,
        # roll over to seconds, otherwise, ValueError is raised
        # by the constructor.
        if us == 1000000:
            t += 1
            us = 0
        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = _time.gmtime(t)
        ss = min(ss, 59)    # clamp out leap seconds if the platform has them
        return cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us)

    # XXX This is supposed to do better than we *can* do by using time.time(),
    # XXX if the platform supports a more accurate way.  The C implementation
    # XXX uses gettimeofday on platforms that have it, but that isn't
    # XXX available from Python.  So now() may return different results
    # XXX across the implementations. 

def make_msgid(idstring=None, domain=None):
    """Returns a string suitable for RFC 2822 compliant Message-ID, e.g:

    <20020201195627.33539.96671@nightshade.la.mastaler.com>

    Optional idstring if given is a string used to strengthen the
    uniqueness of the message id.  Optional domain if given provides the
    portion of the message id after the '@'.  It defaults to the locally
    defined hostname.
    """
    timeval = time.time()
    utcdate = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.gmtime(timeval))
    pid = os.getpid()
    randint = random.randrange(100000)
    if idstring is None:
        idstring = ''
    else:
        idstring = '.' + idstring
    if domain is None:
        domain = socket.getfqdn()
    msgid = '<%s.%s.%s%s@%s>' % (utcdate, pid, randint, idstring, domain)
    return msgid 

def open_data(self, url, data=None):
        """Use "data" URL."""
        if not isinstance(url, str):
            raise URLError('data error: proxy support for data protocol currently not implemented')
        # ignore POSTed data
        #
        # syntax of data URLs:
        # dataurl   := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data
        # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter )
        # data      := *urlchar
        # parameter := attribute "=" value
        try:
            [type, data] = url.split(',', 1)
        except ValueError:
            raise IOError('data error', 'bad data URL')
        if not type:
            type = 'text/plain;charset=US-ASCII'
        semi = type.rfind(';')
        if semi >= 0 and '=' not in type[semi:]:
            encoding = type[semi+1:]
            type = type[:semi]
        else:
            encoding = ''
        msg = []
        msg.append('Date: %s'%time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT',
                                            time.gmtime(time.time())))
        msg.append('Content-type: %s' % type)
        if encoding == 'base64':
            # XXX is this encoding/decoding ok?
            data = base64.decodebytes(data.encode('ascii')).decode('latin-1')
        else:
            data = unquote(data)
        msg.append('Content-Length: %d' % len(data))
        msg.append('')
        msg.append(data)
        msg = '\n'.join(msg)
        headers = email.message_from_string(msg)
        f = io.StringIO(msg)
        #f.fileno = None     # needed for addinfourl
        return addinfourl(f, headers, url) 

def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs={}):
        '''
        At the end of each epoch we
          1. create a directory to checkpoint data
          2. save the arguments used to initialise the run
          3. generate N sentences in the val data by sampling from the model
          4. calculate metric score of the generated sentences
          5. determine whether to stop training and sys.exit(0)
          6. save the model parameters using BLEU
        '''
        savetime = strftime("%d%m%Y-%H%M%S", gmtime())
        path = self.create_checkpoint_directory(savetime)
        self.save_run_arguments(path)

        # Generate training and val sentences to check for overfitting
        self.generate_sentences(path)
        meteor, bleu, ter = self.multeval_scores(path)
        val_loss = logs.get('val_loss')

        self.early_stop_decision(len(self.val_metric)+1, meteor, val_loss)
        self.checkpoint_parameters(epoch, logs, path, meteor, val_loss)
        self.log_performance() 

def create_safe_file_name(self,file_name):
        """
        Using a given file name
        create a new file name that is unique
        so collisions do not occur.
        """

        if not file_name:
            return(None)

        file_pieces = file_name.split(".")
        file_base = file_pieces[0]
        file_ext = ".".join(file_pieces[1:])
        current_time = time.strftime("%Y_%m_%d_%H_%M_%S",time.gmtime())
        new_file_name = file_base + "_" + current_time + "." + file_ext

        if os.path.exists(new_file_name):
            print(" ".join(["ERROR!\tCan not find a safe file name, ",
                            "the file to be written already exists. ",
                            "Please move or rename the file:",
                            os.path.abspath(new_file_name)]))
            return(None)
        return(new_file_name) 

def formatTime(self, record, datefmt=None):
        """
        Return the creation time of the specified LogRecord as formatted text.

        This method should be called from format() by a formatter which
        wants to make use of a formatted time. This method can be overridden
        in formatters to provide for any specific requirement, but the
        basic behaviour is as follows: if datefmt (a string) is specified,
        it is used with time.strftime() to format the creation time of the
        record. Otherwise, the ISO8601 format is used. The resulting
        string is returned. This function uses a user-configurable function
        to convert the creation time to a tuple. By default, time.localtime()
        is used; to change this for a particular formatter instance, set the
        'converter' attribute to a function with the same signature as
        time.localtime() or time.gmtime(). To change it for all formatters,
        for example if you want all logging times to be shown in GMT,
        set the 'converter' attribute in the Formatter class.
        """
        ct = self.converter(record.created)
        if datefmt:
            s = time.strftime(datefmt, ct)
        else:
            t = time.strftime(self.default_time_format, ct)
            s = self.default_msec_format % (t, record.msecs)
        return s 

def _TIMESTAMP_NTZ_to_python(self, ctx):
        """Converts TIMESTAMP NTZ to Snowflake Formatted String.

        No timezone info is attached.
        """
        def conv(value):
            microseconds, fraction_of_nanoseconds = \
                _extract_timestamp(value, ctx)
            try:
                t = time.gmtime(microseconds)
            except (OSError, ValueError) as e:
                logger.debug(
                    "OSError occurred but falling back to datetime: %s", e)
                t = ZERO_EPOCH + timedelta(seconds=(microseconds))
            return format_sftimestamp(ctx, t, fraction_of_nanoseconds)

        return conv 

def utcfromtimestamp(cls, t):
        "Construct a UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time())."
        t, frac = divmod(t, 1.0)
        us = int(frac * 1e6)

        # If timestamp is less than one microsecond smaller than a
        # full second, us can be rounded up to 1000000.  In this case,
        # roll over to seconds, otherwise, ValueError is raised
        # by the constructor.
        if us == 1000000:
            t += 1
            us = 0
        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = _time.gmtime(t)
        ss = min(ss, 59)    # clamp out leap seconds if the platform has them
        return cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us)

    # XXX This is supposed to do better than we *can* do by using time.time(),
    # XXX if the platform supports a more accurate way.  The C implementation
    # XXX uses gettimeofday on platforms that have it, but that isn't
    # XXX available from Python.  So now() may return different results
    # XXX across the implementations. 

def make_msgid(idstring=None, domain=None):
    """Returns a string suitable for RFC 2822 compliant Message-ID, e.g:

    <20020201195627.33539.96671@nightshade.la.mastaler.com>

    Optional idstring if given is a string used to strengthen the
    uniqueness of the message id.  Optional domain if given provides the
    portion of the message id after the '@'.  It defaults to the locally
    defined hostname.
    """
    timeval = time.time()
    utcdate = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.gmtime(timeval))
    pid = os.getpid()
    randint = random.randrange(100000)
    if idstring is None:
        idstring = ''
    else:
        idstring = '.' + idstring
    if domain is None:
        domain = socket.getfqdn()
    msgid = '<%s.%s.%s%s@%s>' % (utcdate, pid, randint, idstring, domain)
    return msgid 

def make_msgid(idstring=None, domain=None):
    """Returns a string suitable for RFC 2822 compliant Message-ID, e.g:

    <20020201195627.33539.96671@nightshade.la.mastaler.com>

    Optional idstring if given is a string used to strengthen the
    uniqueness of the message id.  Optional domain if given provides the
    portion of the message id after the '@'.  It defaults to the locally
    defined hostname.
    """
    timeval = time.time()
    utcdate = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.gmtime(timeval))
    pid = os.getpid()
    randint = random.randrange(100000)
    if idstring is None:
        idstring = ''
    else:
        idstring = '.' + idstring
    if domain is None:
        domain = socket.getfqdn()
    msgid = '<%s.%s.%s%s@%s>' % (utcdate, pid, randint, idstring, domain)
    return msgid 

def utcfromtimestamp(cls, t):
        "Construct a UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time())."
        t, frac = divmod(t, 1.0)
        us = int(frac * 1e6)

        # If timestamp is less than one microsecond smaller than a
        # full second, us can be rounded up to 1000000.  In this case,
        # roll over to seconds, otherwise, ValueError is raised
        # by the constructor.
        if us == 1000000:
            t += 1
            us = 0
        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = _time.gmtime(t)
        ss = min(ss, 59)    # clamp out leap seconds if the platform has them
        return cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us)

    # XXX This is supposed to do better than we *can* do by using time.time(),
    # XXX if the platform supports a more accurate way.  The C implementation
    # XXX uses gettimeofday on platforms that have it, but that isn't
    # XXX available from Python.  So now() may return different results
    # XXX across the implementations. 

def x_test_print_gmtime_max(self):
        """Print the maximum for time.gmtime()."""
        max_ts = find_max_value(time.gmtime, 1)
        max_st = time.gmtime(max_ts)
        print("\nMax Unix timestamp value for Python time.gmtime(): {} ({!r})".
              format(max_ts, max_st))
        sys.stdout.flush() 

def profile(log_file):
    """Profile some callable.

    This decorator uses the hotshot profiler to profile some callable (like
    a view function or method) and dumps the profile data somewhere sensible
    for later processing and examination.

    It takes one argument, the profile log name. If it's a relative path, it
    places it under the PROFILE_LOG_BASE. It also inserts a time stamp into the
    file name, such that 'my_view.prof' become 'my_view-20100211T170321.prof',
    where the time stamp is in UTC. This makes it easy to run and compare
    multiple trials.
    """

    if not os.path.isabs(log_file):
        log_file = os.path.join(PROFILE_LOG_BASE, log_file)

    def _outer(f):
        def _inner(*args, **kwargs):
            # Add a timestamp to the profile output when the callable
            # is actually called.
            (base, ext) = os.path.splitext(log_file)
            base = base + "-" + time.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%S", time.gmtime())
            final_log_file = base + ext

            prof = hotshot.Profile(final_log_file)
            try:
                ret = prof.runcall(f, *args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                prof.close()
            return ret

        return _inner

    return _outer 

def raise_outdated_validity_exception(
        current_time, name, serial_number, this_update, next_update):
    raise Exception("ERROR: OCSP response cache include "
                    "outdated data: "
                    "name: {}, serial_number: {}, "
                    "current_time: {}, this_update: {}, "
                    "next_update: {}".format(
        name, serial_number,
        strftime(
            SFOCSP.OUTPUT_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT, gmtime(current_time)),
        this_update.strftime(
            SFOCSP.OUTPUT_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT),
        next_update.strftime(
            SFOCSP.OUTPUT_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT))) 

def _process_options(self, data, socket_client):
        """Allows JS Ajax access to this endpoint."""
        for line in data:
            if line.startswith("OPTIONS "):
                break
        else:
            return False

        self._get_user_agent(data)
        requested_headers, requested_origin = self._check_post_requested(data)
        if not requested_headers:
            return False

        if not self._validate_origin(requested_origin):
            # validate Origin and fail if not match with the server.
            return False

        self._origin = requested_origin
        content = [
            "HTTP/1.1 200 OK",
            "Date: {}".format(
                time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime())),
            "Access-Control-Allow-Methods: POST, GET",
            "Access-Control-Allow-Headers: {}".format(requested_headers),
            "Access-Control-Max-Age: 86400",
            "Access-Control-Allow-Origin: {}".format(self._origin),
            "",
            "",
        ]
        socket_client.sendall('\r\n'.join(content).encode('utf-8'))
        return True 

def test_struct_time_format_extreme_large():
    # extreme large epoch time
    value = SnowflakeDateTime(
        time.gmtime(14567890123567), nanosecond=0, scale=1)
    formatter = SnowflakeDateTimeFormat(
        'YYYY-MM-DD"T"HH24:MI:SS.FF',
        datetime_class=SnowflakeDateTime)
    assert formatter.format(value) == '463608-01-23T09:26:07.0' 

def test_struct_time(self):
        self.check(time.gmtime(self.TIMESTAMP)) 

def test_gmtime_epoch(self):
        """Test that time.gmtime() is based upon the UNIX epoch."""
        epoch_st = time.struct_time([1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0])
        st = time.gmtime(0)
        assert st == epoch_st 

def test_svn_1_2(self):
        line = "   2256      hpk        165 Nov 24 17:55 __init__.py"
        info = InfoSvnCommand(line)
        now = datetime.datetime.now()
        assert info.last_author == 'hpk'
        assert info.created_rev == 2256
        assert info.kind == 'file'
        # we don't check for the year (2006), because that depends
        # on the clock correctly being setup
        assert time.gmtime(info.mtime)[1:6] == (11, 24, 17, 55, 0)
        assert info.size ==  165
        assert info.time == info.mtime * 1000000 

def test_time_tuple(self):
        tup = tuple(time.gmtime(self.TIMESTAMP))
        self.assertEqual(9, len(tup))
        self.check(tup) 

def test_struct_time(self):
        self.check(time.gmtime(self.TIMESTAMP)) 

def utctimetuple(self):
        "Return UTC time tuple compatible with time.gmtime()."
        offset = self.utcoffset()
        if offset:
            self -= offset
        y, m, d = self.year, self.month, self.day
        hh, mm, ss = self.hour, self.minute, self.second
        return _build_struct_time(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, 0) 

def fromtimestamp(cls, t, tz=None):
        """Construct a datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time()).

        A timezone info object may be passed in as well.
        """

        _check_tzinfo_arg(tz)

        converter = _time.localtime if tz is None else _time.gmtime

        t, frac = divmod(t, 1.0)
        us = int(frac * 1e6)

        # If timestamp is less than one microsecond smaller than a
        # full second, us can be rounded up to 1000000.  In this case,
        # roll over to seconds, otherwise, ValueError is raised
        # by the constructor.
        if us == 1000000:
            t += 1
            us = 0
        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = converter(t)
        ss = min(ss, 59)    # clamp out leap seconds if the platform has them
        result = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
        if tz is not None:
            result = tz.fromutc(result)
        return result 

def _getdate(future=0, weekdayname=_weekdayname, monthname=_monthname):
    from time import gmtime, time
    now = time()
    year, month, day, hh, mm, ss, wd, y, z = gmtime(now + future)
    return "%s, %02d %3s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT" % \
           (weekdayname[wd], day, monthname[month], year, hh, mm, ss) 

def localtime(dt=None, isdst=-1):
    """Return local time as an aware datetime object.

    If called without arguments, return current time.  Otherwise *dt*
    argument should be a datetime instance, and it is converted to the
    local time zone according to the system time zone database.  If *dt* is
    naive (that is, dt.tzinfo is None), it is assumed to be in local time.
    In this case, a positive or zero value for *isdst* causes localtime to
    presume initially that summer time (for example, Daylight Saving Time)
    is or is not (respectively) in effect for the specified time.  A
    negative value for *isdst* causes the localtime() function to attempt
    to divine whether summer time is in effect for the specified time.

    """
    if dt is None:
        return datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).astimezone()
    if dt.tzinfo is not None:
        return dt.astimezone()
    # We have a naive datetime.  Convert to a (localtime) timetuple and pass to
    # system mktime together with the isdst hint.  System mktime will return
    # seconds since epoch.
    tm = dt.timetuple()[:-1] + (isdst,)
    seconds = time.mktime(tm)
    localtm = time.localtime(seconds)
    try:
        delta = datetime.timedelta(seconds=localtm.tm_gmtoff)
        tz = datetime.timezone(delta, localtm.tm_zone)
    except AttributeError:
        # Compute UTC offset and compare with the value implied by tm_isdst.
        # If the values match, use the zone name implied by tm_isdst.
        delta = dt - datetime.datetime(*time.gmtime(seconds)[:6])
        dst = time.daylight and localtm.tm_isdst > 0
        gmtoff = -(time.altzone if dst else time.timezone)
        if delta == datetime.timedelta(seconds=gmtoff):
            tz = datetime.timezone(delta, time.tzname[dst])
        else:
            tz = datetime.timezone(delta)
    return dt.replace(tzinfo=tz) 

def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
        """Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
        Authorization header."""
        headers["authorization"] = 'WSSE profile="UsernameToken"'
        iso_now = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime())
        cnonce = _cnonce()
        password_digest = _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, self.credentials[1])
        headers["X-WSSE"] = (
            'UsernameToken Username="%s", PasswordDigest="%s", '
            'Nonce="%s", Created="%s"'
        ) % (self.credentials[0], password_digest, cnonce, iso_now) 

def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
        """Modify the request headers"""
        keys = _get_end2end_headers(headers)
        keylist = "".join(["%s " % k for k in keys])
        headers_val = "".join([headers[k] for k in keys])
        created = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime())
        cnonce = _cnonce()
        request_digest = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
            method,
            request_uri,
            cnonce,
            self.challenge["snonce"],
            headers_val,
        )
        request_digest = (
            hmac.new(self.key, request_digest, self.hashmod).hexdigest().lower()
        )
        headers["authorization"] = (
            'HMACDigest username="%s", realm="%s", snonce="%s",'
            ' cnonce="%s", uri="%s", created="%s", '
            'response="%s", headers="%s"'
        ) % (
            self.credentials[0],
            self.challenge["realm"],
            self.challenge["snonce"],
            cnonce,
            request_uri,
            created,
            request_digest,
            keylist,
        )