Python numpy.character() Examples

def _check_string_truncate(self, value):
        """
        Emit a warning if any elements of ``value`` will be truncated when
        ``value`` is assigned to self.
        """
        # Convert input ``value`` to the string dtype of this column and
        # find the length of the longest string in the array.
        value = np.asanyarray(value, dtype=self.dtype.type)
        if value.size == 0:
            return
        value_str_len = np.char.str_len(value).max()

        # Parse the array-protocol typestring (e.g. '|U15') of self.dtype which
        # has the character repeat count on the right side.
        self_str_len = dtype_bytes_or_chars(self.dtype)

        if value_str_len > self_str_len:
            warnings.warn('truncated right side string(s) longer than {} '
                          'character(s) during assignment'
                          .format(self_str_len),
                          StringTruncateWarning,
                          stacklevel=3) 

def _bytesize(tc):
    DTYPE_MAP = {'d': np.float64, 'f': np.float32, 'l': np.long, 'i': np.int32,
                 'h': np.int16, 'b': np.int8, 'S1': np.character}
    return np.dtype(DTYPE_MAP.get(tc, np.float)).itemsize


#==============================================================================
# Private Size from Shape Calculator
#============================================================================== 

def common_dtype(cols):
    """
    Use numpy to find the common dtype for a list of columns.

    Only allow columns within the following fundamental numpy data types:
    np.bool_, np.object_, np.number, np.character, np.void
    """
    try:
        return metadata.common_dtype(cols)
    except metadata.MergeConflictError as err:
        tme = TableMergeError('Columns have incompatible types {}'
                              .format(err._incompat_types))
        tme._incompat_types = err._incompat_types
        raise tme 

def __getitem__(self, obj):
                val = numpy.ndarray.__getitem__(self, obj)
                if isinstance(val, numpy.character):
                    temp = val.rstrip()
                    if numpy.char._len(temp) == 0:
                        val = ''
                    else:
                        val = temp
                return val 

def __setitem__(self, index, value):
        if self.dtype.char == 'S':
            value = self._encode_str(value)

        # Issue warning for string assignment that truncates ``value``
        if issubclass(self.dtype.type, np.character):
            self._check_string_truncate(value)

        # update indices
        self.info.adjust_indices(index, value, len(self))

        # Set items using a view of the underlying data, as it gives an
        # order-of-magnitude speed-up. [#2994]
        self.data[index] = value 

def _expand_string_array_for_values(arr, values):
    """
    For string-dtype return a version of ``arr`` that is wide enough for ``values``.
    If ``arr`` is not string-dtype or does not need expansion then return ``arr``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    arr : np.ndarray
        Input array
    values : scalar or array_like
        Values for width comparison for string arrays

    Returns
    -------
    arr_expanded : np.ndarray

    """
    if arr.dtype.kind in ('U', 'S') and values is not np.ma.masked:
        # Find the length of the longest string in the new values.
        values_str_len = np.char.str_len(values).max()

        # Determine character repeat count of arr.dtype.  Returns a positive
        # int or None (something like 'U0' is not possible in numpy).  If new values
        # are longer than current then make a new (wider) version of arr.
        arr_str_len = dtype_bytes_or_chars(arr.dtype)
        if arr_str_len and values_str_len > arr_str_len:
            arr_dtype = arr.dtype.byteorder + arr.dtype.kind + str(values_str_len)
            arr = arr.astype(arr_dtype)

    return arr 

def common_dtype(cols):
    """
    Use numpy to find the common dtype for a list of structured ndarray columns.

    Only allow columns within the following fundamental numpy data types:
    np.bool_, np.object_, np.number, np.character, np.void
    """
    np_types = (np.bool_, np.object_, np.number, np.character, np.void)
    uniq_types = set(tuple(issubclass(col.dtype.type, np_type) for np_type in np_types)
                     for col in cols)
    if len(uniq_types) > 1:
        # Embed into the exception the actual list of incompatible types.
        incompat_types = [col.dtype.name for col in cols]
        tme = TableMergeError('Columns have incompatible types {}'
                              .format(incompat_types))
        tme._incompat_types = incompat_types
        raise tme

    arrs = [np.empty(1, dtype=col.dtype) for col in cols]

    # For string-type arrays need to explicitly fill in non-zero
    # values or the final arr_common = .. step is unpredictable.
    for arr in arrs:
        if arr.dtype.kind in ('S', 'U'):
            arr[0] = '0' * arr.itemsize

    arr_common = np.array([arr[0] for arr in arrs])
    return arr_common.dtype.str 

def normalize_attr_values(a: Any, use_object_strings: bool = False) -> np.ndarray:
	"""
	Take all kinds of input values and validate/normalize them.
	
	Args:
		a	List, tuple, np.matrix, np.ndarray or sparse matrix
			Elements can be strings, numbers or bools
	
	Returns
		a_normalized    An np.ndarray with elements conforming to one of the valid Loom attribute types
	
	Remarks:
		This method should be used to prepare the values to be stored in the HDF5 file. You should not
		return the values to the caller; for that, use materialize_attr_values()
	"""
	scalar = False
	if np.isscalar(a):
		a = np.array([a])
		scalar = True
	arr = normalize_attr_array(a)
	if np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.integer) or np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.floating):
		pass  # We allow all these types
	elif np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.character) or np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.object_):
		if use_object_strings:
			arr = np.array([str(elm) for elm in a], dtype=object)
		else:
			arr = normalize_attr_strings(arr)
	elif np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.bool_):
		arr = arr.astype('ubyte')
	if scalar:
		return arr[0]
	else:
		return arr 

def check(self, x):
        """Record any information needed by transform."""
        if not isinstance(x, (np.ndarray, tf.data.Dataset)):
            raise TypeError('Expect the data to TextInput to be numpy.ndarray or '
                            'tf.data.Dataset, but got {type}.'.format(type=type(x)))

        if isinstance(x, np.ndarray) and x.ndim != 1:
            raise ValueError('Expect the data to TextInput to have 1 dimension, but '
                             'got input shape {shape} with {ndim} dimensions'.format(
                                 shape=x.shape,
                                 ndim=x.ndim))
        if isinstance(x, np.ndarray) and not np.issubdtype(x.dtype, np.character):
            raise TypeError('Expect the data to TextInput to be strings, but got '
                            '{type}.'.format(type=x.dtype)) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(array, epsilon=1.0, accountant=None, axis=None, keepdims=False):
    r"""Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``array`` with differential privacy.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()`` in
    Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's "truthfulness".  For example, any number is considered truthful
    if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered truthful if it is not the empty string.  Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``array`` (and in sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or
    ``__bool__()`` method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    array : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.

    epsilon : float, default: 1.0
        Privacy parameter :math:`\epsilon`.

    accountant : BudgetAccountant, optional
        Accountant to keep track of privacy budget.

    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.  Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``array``.

    keepdims : bool, optional
        If this is set to True, the axes that are counted are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this
        option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Differentially private number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.  Otherwise, the total number
        of non-zero values in the array is returned.

    """
    array = np.asanyarray(array)

    if np.issubdtype(array.dtype, np.character):
        array_bool = array != array.dtype.type()
    else:
        array_bool = array.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return sum(array_bool, axis=axis, dtype=np.intp, bounds=(0, 1), epsilon=epsilon, accountant=accountant,
               keepdims=keepdims) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def common_dtype(arrs):
    """
    Use numpy to find the common dtype for a list of ndarrays.

    Only allow arrays within the following fundamental numpy data types:
    ``np.bool_``, ``np.object_``, ``np.number``, ``np.character``, ``np.void``

    Parameters
    ----------
    arrs : list of ndarray objects
        Arrays for which to find the common dtype

    Returns
    -------
    dtype_str : str
        String representation of dytpe (dtype ``str`` attribute)
    """
    def dtype(arr):
        return getattr(arr, 'dtype', np.dtype('O'))

    np_types = (np.bool_, np.object_, np.number, np.character, np.void)
    uniq_types = set(tuple(issubclass(dtype(arr).type, np_type) for np_type in np_types)
                     for arr in arrs)
    if len(uniq_types) > 1:
        # Embed into the exception the actual list of incompatible types.
        incompat_types = [dtype(arr).name for arr in arrs]
        tme = MergeConflictError('Arrays have incompatible types {}'
                                 .format(incompat_types))
        tme._incompat_types = incompat_types
        raise tme

    arrs = [np.empty(1, dtype=dtype(arr)) for arr in arrs]

    # For string-type arrays need to explicitly fill in non-zero
    # values or the final arr_common = .. step is unpredictable.
    for i, arr in enumerate(arrs):
        if arr.dtype.kind in ('S', 'U'):
            arrs[i] = [('0' if arr.dtype.kind == 'U' else b'0') *
                       dtype_bytes_or_chars(arr.dtype)]

    arr_common = np.array([arr[0] for arr in arrs])
    return arr_common.dtype.str 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def equivalent(x, y):
    """
    Checks the equivalence of two scalars or arrays with broadcasting. Assumes
    a consistent dtype.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : scalar or numpy.ndarray
    y : scalar or numpy.ndarray

    Returns
    -------
    equivalent : scalar or numpy.ndarray
        The element-wise comparison of where two arrays are equivalent.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> equivalent(1, 1)
    True
    >>> equivalent(np.nan, np.nan + 1)
    True
    >>> equivalent(1, 2)
    False
    >>> equivalent(np.inf, np.inf)
    True
    >>> equivalent(np.PZERO, np.NZERO)
    True
    """
    x = np.asarray(x)
    y = np.asarray(y)
    # Can't contain NaNs
    if any(np.issubdtype(x.dtype, t) for t in [np.integer, np.bool_, np.character]):
        return x == y

    # Can contain NaNs
    # FIXME: Complex floats and np.void with multiple values can't be compared properly.
    # lgtm [py/comparison-of-identical-expressions]
    return (x == y) | ((x != x) & (y != y))


# copied from zarr
# See https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/blob/master/zarr/util.py 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp) 

def count_nonzero(a, axis=None):
    """
    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
    method evaluated to ``True``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a : array_like
        The array for which to count non-zeros.
    axis : int or tuple, optional
        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
        along a flattened version of ``a``.

        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    count : int or array of int
        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
        is returned.

    See Also
    --------
    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
    4
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]])
    5
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=0)
    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
    >>> np.count_nonzero([[0,1,7,0,0],[3,0,0,2,19]], axis=1)
    array([2, 3])

    """
    if axis is None:
        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)

    a = asanyarray(a)

    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
    else:
        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)

    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp)